Expand the coverage of the central high-temperature zone: Observing the temperature contour maps (Nodal Solution) of different structures, it can be found that the size and shape of the core high-temperature band (the innermost area of the images) vary significantly with structural changes. The core goal of optimization is to adjust the internal geometric structure so that the temperature contour lines in the central area are as sparse as possible, thereby obtaining a wider, high-temperature flat zone with a smaller internal temperature difference.Reshape heat generation and conduction paths: It can be seen from the mesh generation and Element Solution images that the geometric cross-sections (such as stepped or zigzag structures) of internal conductive and heating components differ among models. By optimizing the shapes and positions of these heating components, the distribution path of heat flow can be altered to specifically compensate for heat loss towards the colder anvils around them, thereby narrowing the temperature gradient between the edge and the center of the cavity.Utilize simulation comparisons to screen for the optimal gradient: The materials show various structural models with different peak temperatures (e.g., 1374 K, 1481 K, 1518 K, 1534 K, etc.). A scientific method to improve temperature uniformity is to systematically change the geometric parameters of the assembly structure through such finite element simulations, compare the temperature profiles of each scheme, and finally select an assembly configuration that not only reaches the target temperature but also has the most uniform overall thermal field distribution and the smoothest cooling transition to the periphery.
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The optimal solution is to adopt a proportional valve control mode combined with active incremental pressure holding functions. The specific optimization strategies are as follows:1. Adopt Proportional Valve for Full-Process Curve Control The literature considers this the mode "most likely close to the ideal." By using proportional pressure valves or proportional flow valves, the current or voltage can be controlled according to a set curve, thereby continuously controlling the thrust and displacement of the electromagnet. The optimization is reflected in three stages:Boosting Stage: Achieves continuous control of the boosting speed. This coordinates with the heating curve to improve pressure transmission and reduce the creation of pressure gradients.Holding Stage: Achieves a continuous increase in system pressure (rather than simple constant pressure) to compensate for the pressure drop caused by volume shrinkage during phase transitions.Relief Stage: Through program-controlled relief actions, the relief speed becomes controllable, accommodating different speed requirements at high and low pressures.2. Implement "Active Incremental Pressure Holding" Strategy While traditional "variable frequency holding" maintains constant pressure, it ignores the compensation needed for pressure gradients caused by phase transitions. An optimized mode should adopt "active incremental pressure holding":Mechanism: By setting pressure increments and time intervals (number of repressurizations), the system actively boosts pressure, rather than passively waiting for the pressure to drop to a certain point.Purpose: This mode effectively lowers the pressure gradient, ensuring that the pressure conditions stored within the synthesis chamber meet the requirements for high-quality single-crystal diamond growth.3. Avoid the Limitations of Old Modes During the optimization process, the following outdated modes should be avoided:Traditional Rough Mode: Characterized by large pressure fluctuations, making it unsuitable for large chambers. Simple Variable Frequency Holding: Unable to compensate for pressure loss caused by phase transitions.Passive Incremental Compensation: Relies on the pressure dropping to a set value before acting. It is limited by the risk of high-pressure seal failure and cannot truly compensate for pressure gradients.To optimize the pressure control of a hydraulic press, the ideal solution is to build a system equipped with active incremental pressure holding functions and prioritize the adoption of proportional valve control technology. This achieves precise, continuous curve control throughout the entire process of boosting, holding, and pressure relief,.
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1. Improving the Compatibility between Diamond and BinderReducing Thermal Expansion Differences: The alloy infiltration method effectively reduces the thermal expansion difference between the diamond and the binder (metal solvent). This mismatch is a core issue in compatibility, as the large disparity in coefficients of thermal expansion is the primary cause of residual stress within the Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC).Optimizing Proportion Control: Compared to the traditional powder-mixing method, the alloy infiltration method makes the metal solvent ratio easier to control and offers stronger maneuverability, thereby supplying an adequate proportion between the diamond and the binder,.2. Reducing Residual StressMinimizing Stress Generation: By effectively reducing the difference in thermal expansion coefficients and providing an appropriate binder proportion, this method plays a positive role in preparing PDC with low stress levels.Improving Stress Distribution: Samples prepared using this method exhibit residual compressive stresses that are uniformly distributed in both the axial and radial directions.3. Increasing Tool LifeAddressing Short Life Issues: Practical applications indicate that oversize residual stress results in shorter life performance for PDC. The alloy infiltration method directly resolves this key factor limiting lifespan by synthesizing high-quality PDC with low residual stress.Enhancing Wear Resistance and Structural Quality: PDC synthesized via this method possesses a high-density diamond layer structure. X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of cubic diamond, alloy, and carbide phases without any detected graphite phase. This promotes the growth of diamond-to-diamond (D-D) bonds, resulting in high-quality, wear-resisting tool materials,.
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the critical importance of position synchronization for superhard material synthesis and press equipment safety stems from the specific physical requirements of working in ultra-high pressure and high-temperature environments.1. Ensuring "Three-Center Alignment" to Maintain Force Balance The core prerequisite for the normal operation of a hexahedral press is that the structural center (the geometric center of the equipment), the force convergence center of the anvils (the point where the forces from the six hydraulic cylinders converge), and the mass center of the synthesis material in the synthesis cavity must coincide as much as possible. Position synchronization is the key method for controlling the "anvil force convergence center"; only through the precise synchronization of all hydraulic cylinders can these three centers remain consistently aligned.2. Guaranteeing Equipment Safety and Preventing Catastrophic Damage If position synchronization fails, causing the aforementioned centers to misalign, severe eccentric loads will occur, leading to destructive consequences for the equipment: Preventing Cylinder Pulling: Desynchronization causes excessive lateral forces on the hydraulic cylinders, triggering "cylinder pulling" accidents, which are mechanical damages to the cylinder wall and piston rod.Protecting Anvils: Anvils are expensive, brittle, and critical components. Poor synchronization results in uneven force distribution on the anvils, easily causing anvil damage.Managing Risks in Large-Scale Equipment: As presses grow larger (e.g., cylinder diameters reaching 1000mm, with rod weights exceeding 3 tons), differences between cylinders increase. Without high-precision synchronization control, the massive inertial and gravitational differences significantly increase the risk of equipment damage.3. Ensuring the Stability of the Synthesis Process Environment The synthesis of superhard materials (such as diamond) must be conducted in an extreme environment that is sealed, under ultra-high pressure, and at high temperatures.Preventing Seal Failure: The six hydraulic cylinders must move in coordination to form and maintain the sealed synthesis cavity. If positions are not synchronized, the stress structure of the synthesis cavity will be destroyed, leading to seal failure. Once the seal fails, the high-pressure environment cannot be maintained, causing the synthesis experiment to fail and potentially triggering safety accidents like high-pressure jetting.Improving Synthesis Quality: Only when the anvils from six directions advance with extremely high positional accuracy can uniform pressure distribution within the synthesis cavity be ensured. This satisfies the strict conditions required for superhard material growth, thereby avoiding synthesis failures or quality defects caused by poor synchronization,.In summary, high-precision position synchronization is not only a safety barrier preventing damage to hardware (such as hydraulic cylinders and anvils) but also a necessary process condition for constructing a stable high-pressure sealed cavity and ensuring the successful synthesis of superhard materials.
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1. Fatigue Challenges for "High-Frequency Short-Time" Synthesis (Fine Powder/RVD) For the synthesis of sawing-grade diamond fine powder, ultra-fine powder, and RVD single crystals, the process requires extremely short synthesis times. High-Frequency Impact: The synthesis time for these materials is only 1/5 of that for medium-coarse grit, meaning the equipment usage frequency is 5 times higher within the same working period. Structural Fracture Risk: This high-frequency alternating stress makes the hinge beams (especially the beam ears) highly prone to fatigue fracture.Design Shortcomings: Current design methods mostly rely on basic finite element optimization and lack deep simulation for frequency, fatigue, and non-linear analysis (such as using Solidworks Simulation), making it difficult to accurately predict and solve structural hazards under high-frequency conditions.2. Pressure Holding Challenges for "Long-Time" Synthesis (Large Single Crystals) When synthesizing gem-grade or industrial-grade large single crystals larger than 3mm, the process requires the equipment to maintain stable high pressure for a long time,.Stroke Limitations: Traditional cubic presses mainly rely on a single-pressure source supercharger to maintain pressure. However, the plunger stroke of existing superchargers is limited and cannot meet the ultra-long pressure holding requirements. Equipment Bottleneck: This forces existing equipment to be modified, such as replacing the traditional supercharger with ultra-high pressure oil pumps without stroke limits or reciprocating intensifiers; otherwise, the conditions for large single crystal synthesis cannot be met.3. Temperature Control Challenges for "Phase-Change Sensitive" Materials (Composite Sheets) Unlike sawing-grade diamonds which are relatively stable during synthesis, materials like diamond composite sheets undergo significant physical state changes.Non-Linear Changes: The material in the cavity transforms from solid to melt (phase change), causing volume changes, which in turn alter resistance and heat generation, ultimately leading to unstable cavity temperatures,.Control Lag: Traditional electrical control systems often struggle to rapidly capture these subtle and fast fluctuations caused by phase changes. Existing technology lacks sufficient intelligent compensation capabilities to ensure the consistency and stability of the synthesized samples.4. Cavity Challenges for "Extreme High Pressure" Needs As the demand for higher-grade materials increases, the traditional cubic press faces physical bottlenecks in pressure upper limits and cavity expansion.Anvil Limits: The diameter of tungsten carbide anvils cannot be infinitely enlarged, limiting the size of the synthesis cavity and the upper pressure limit.Structural Limitations: Compared to two-die (belt press) technology, the cubic press has limitations in generating ideal pressure and temperature fields. It requires transplanting the multi-layer annular mold structure of two-die presses or developing special 6-8 anvil devices to break through this technical ceiling.
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1. Raw Material and Equipment Preparation Equipment: A domestic CS–XIII type hinge-style cubic press is used for synthesis.Materials: Specially proportioned diamond micropowder and cemented carbide (as the substrate) are selected.2. High-Temperature High-Pressure (HPHT) Sintering This is the critical step for forming the polycrystalline diamond composite structure.Process Conditions: The assembled raw materials are placed in the press and sintered at temperatures of 1300–1600°C and pressures of 5.5–7.5 GPa. This process creates the initial composite blank, combining the diamond powder with the carbide to achieve high hardness and toughness.3. Subsequent Shaping and Processing The sintered blank must undergo precision machining to form the final non-planar structure.Procedures: These include sandblasting, cylindrical grinding, and lapping.Forming: Through these steps, the blank is shaped into specific non-planar geometries, such as ridge (dual-edge), 3-ridge, 4-ridge, and 5-ridge structures.4. Cutting Edge Angle Design and Control Controlling the geometric angle of the cutting edge is a crucial process parameter for optimizing performance.Basic Design: Initially, the angle between the cutting edge and the vertical direction is set to 90°. Optimization: To further enhance fatigue impact resistance, the process involves adjusting this angle to be greater than 90° (e.g., 99°). Experiments prove that this modification significantly boosts impact resistance while maintaining wear resistance and load performance.
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The hinge beam, as the core load-bearing component of the cubic press, faces severe fatigue fracture risks under specific working conditions. The following is a detailed analysis of the factors affecting its fatigue strength and design improvements:1. Core Factors Affecting Fatigue StrengthThe literature points out that hinge beam fatigue is highly condition-specific, mainly occurring during the synthesis of sawing-grade fine grits, ultra-fine grits, and specific type-I single crystals.Extremely High Usage Frequency (Alternating Loads): This is the most direct cause of fatigue failure. When synthesizing fine, ultra-fine, or type-I single crystals, the single synthesis time is extremely short, only 1/7 of the time required for medium-coarse grits. This means that within the same working period, the number of synthesis cycles (pressurization-holding-depressurization) for this equipment is about 5 times that of medium-coarse grit synthesis.Cumulative Fatigue Effect: This high-frequency reciprocating operation subjects the hinge beam to massive alternating load cycles in a short period, easily leading to ear tearing or even beam body fracture, phenomena not fully considered in traditional designs for low-frequency operations (like medium-coarse grit synthesis).Limitations of Traditional Design Philosophy: Existing hinge beam designs are mostly derived from finite element optimization focusing on static strength analysis, often neglecting the impact of fatigue strength. Such designs fall short when facing the special product synthesis involving high-frequency operations.2. Direction and Strategy for Improved DesignTo solve these problems and improve the stability and lifespan of equipment producing fine-grain diamond, the literature proposes the following improvement directions:Introduction of More Applicable Strength Theories: For equipment dedicated to producing fine grits, the design calculation of the hinge beam should abandon simple static analysis and adopt the third and fourth strength theories. This design basis is considered more reasonable and practical when dealing with complex stress and fatigue issues. Manufacturing Process Innovation: From Casting to Forging: Status Quo: Due to cost and forging technology limitations, early hinge beam designs in China mostly used casting forms. Improvement: With the improvement of forging technology, costs have significantly decreased. For high-frequency equipment, the forged hinge beam design concept should be adopted. The forging process significantly improves the density and fiber continuity of the metal material, thereby greatly enhancing fatigue strength. The literature notes that the earliest hinge-type cubic presses in the United States used forged beam structures.Promoting "Dedicated Equipment" Design Thinking: Future design trends should not be "one machine for multiple uses," but rather creating dedicated equipment tailored to the synthesis characteristics of different superhard materials. For the high-frequency characteristic of fine-grain diamond synthesis, the fatigue strength design of the hinge beam should be specifically reinforced, rather than simply using general-purpose models.
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The alloy infiltration method (specifically the iron-nickel-based alloy infiltration technique) plays a critical role in improving the compatibility between diamond and binder and enhancing tool life. This is reflected in the following aspects:1. Improving the Compatibility between Diamond and Binder Reducing Thermal Expansion Differences: The alloy infiltration method effectively reduces the thermal expansion difference between the diamond and the binder (metal solvent). This mismatch is a core issue in compatibility, as the large disparity in coefficients of thermal expansion is the primary cause of residual stress within the Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC).Optimizing Proportion Control: Compared to the traditional powder-mixing method, the alloy infiltration method makes the metal solvent ratio easier to control and offers stronger maneuverability, thereby supplying an adequate proportion between the diamond and the binder.2. Reducing Residual Stress Minimizing Stress Generation: By effectively reducing the difference in thermal expansion coefficients and providing an appropriate binder proportion, this method plays a positive role in preparing PDC with low stress levels.Improving Stress Distribution: Samples prepared using this method exhibit residual compressive stresses that are uniformly distributed in both the axial and radial directions.3. Increasing Tool Life Addressing Short Life Issues: Practical applications indicate that oversize residual stress results in shorter life performance for PDC. The alloy infiltration method directly resolves this key factor limiting lifespan by synthesizing high-quality PDC with low residual stress. Enhancing Wear Resistance and Structural Quality: PDC synthesized via this method possesses a high-density diamond layer structure. X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of cubic diamond, alloy, and carbide phases without any detected graphite phase. This promotes the growth of diamond-to-diamond (D-D) bonds, resulting in high-quality, wear-resisting tool materials.The alloy infiltration method fundamentally reduces destructive residual stress through physical matching (reducing thermal expansion mismatch) and process optimization (precisely controlling binder proportions). This not only strengthens the material's microstructural bonding but also significantly extends the tool's service life.
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According to the provided literature, the core key to centering technology for a cubic press can be summarized in one phrase: Ensuring Torque Balance.To achieve this core goal, at the level of engineering manufacturing and practical application, one must rely on two pillars: extremely high Machining Accuracy (Static Foundation) and excellent Structural Rigidity (Dynamic Guarantee).1. Theoretical Key: Ensuring Torque Balance The literature explicitly states, "Ensuring torque balance is the key to cubic press centering technology". Eliminating Additional Force Couples: Ideal centering means there are no forces in the system that cause components to twist. If the piston centerline does not coincide with the hinge beam centerline (eccentricity), or if there is an angle, an "additional force couple" is generated. Consequences: This extra torque destroys the sealing space, causing the equipment to become a "typical blowout press," or causes twisting trends in the dies and hinges, severely shortening their lifespan,.2. Physical Implementation Key: Accuracy and Rigidity To achieve the aforementioned torque balance, two physical problems must be solved, which are the keys to ensuring good equipment centering:A. Machining Accuracy (Foundation for Static Centering) Machining accuracy directly determines whether the equipment is "innately" centered in an unpressurized state. Hinge Accuracy: The centerlines of the 12 hinge pins must form a perfect regular cube, and pinhole diameters and fit tolerances must be consistent. Poor accuracy leads to uneven force on hinges and causes beam fracture. Concentricity: The piston centerline must coincide with the hinge beam centerline and intersect at the Equipment Center. If an eccentricity exists, destructive additional force couples will arise. Cylinder Bore Consistency: If cylinder sizes vary, the stronger cylinder will push the chamber toward the weaker one, generating shear forces.B. Structural Rigidity (Guarantee for Dynamic Centering) The literature particularly emphasizes that structural rigidity is the guarantee for the equipment to possess good centering performance when working under high pressure. Definition of Rigidity: The equipment as a whole undergoes only equal amounts of elastic deformation. Dynamic Instability: Even if initial accuracy is high (static centering), if a specific beam or cylinder has poor rigidity, it will undergo excessive axial stretching or radial deformation under high pressure. If this deformation is inconsistent, it leads to "dynamic" misalignment under high pressure, triggering blowouts. Auto-Adjustment Capability: Good rigidity, combined with the floating characteristic of pistons in hydraulic oil, allows the system to perform minute automatic centering adjustments without breaking the seal.3. Ultimate Goal: Three Centers Unification The ultimate purpose of all centering technologies is to enable the Equipment Center to completely overlap with the Die Center and Material Center under ultra-high pressure (Three Centers Unification).The Equipment Center is determined by the machine's own accuracy and rigidity.The Die Center and Material Center can be compensated and adjusted through "anvil adjustment" and assembly structure design.Summary and Analogy The key to centering technology lies in maintaining perfect geometric symmetry and force balance even under extreme pressure.Analogy for Understanding: Imagine six people (six cylinders) standing in a circle, using their palms to jointly lift a heavy pyramid (the ultra-high pressure chamber).Machining Accuracy is like requiring these six people to have absolutely precise positioning, with palm heights exactly the same. If someone stands crookedly (eccentricity), the pyramid will tilt and slide.Structural Rigidity is like requiring these six people's arms to be as hard as steel. If someone is weak and their arm bends immediately upon lifting (large deformation), the pyramid will collapse toward that side (blowout).Torque Balance is the final result: regardless of the load, the pushing forces of the six people cancel out perfectly, and the pyramid remains motionless, neither rotating nor tipping over.
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The optimization of the main structure of the heavy-tonnage cubic diamond press primarily focused on improving the equipment’s centering, synchronization, and pressure-keeping performance. Based on the analysis of existing hinged cubic press structures, the following key optimization measures were implemented.I. Main Body Structural Design Optimization1. Adoption of the Pocket Bottom Structure: The hinge beams and working cylinders utilized the pocket bottom structure. Physical testing indicates that this structure possesses superior structural rigidity compared to the traditional flange support structure.2. Live-Bottom Working Cylinder Design: The working cylinder was designed as a live-bottom structure. This structural approach separates the cylinder barrel and the cylinder bottom, improving material utilization, reducing raw material consumption, and greatly enhancing the process performance related to forging, machining, and heat treatment.3. Working Cylinder Wall Thinning and Reduced Fit Clearance: While ensuring that mechanical processing requirements are met, the design sought to minimize the wall thickness of the working cylinder barrel and reduce the cooperation clearance between the barrel’s outer diameter and the hinge beam’s inner bore. This optimization improves the centering ability of the press. When the barrel is subjected to ultra-high hydraulic pressure, it undergoes slight elastic deformation and presses against the inner wall of the hinge beam, improving the stress conditions and extending the barrel’s service life.4. Shortening of Key Component Lengths: While maintaining component strength, the length of the working cylinder and hinge beam was shortened, thereby reducing steel consumption and manufacturing costs.5. Optimization of Hinge Beam Lug Shape: The shape of the hinge beam lugs was rationally designed. By keeping the extension surfaces of adjacent lugs parallel and ensuring that the traditional hinge beam lugs project appropriately higher than the outer diameter of the barrel, the strength of the dangerous bottom cross-section was effectively enhanced, and the rigidity of the equipment was increased.II. Piston and Connection Optimization1. Installation of Bronze Wear Strips on Pistons: To resolve the common "scoring" (cylinder scratching) problem during press use and enhance centering, bronze wear strips were installed on the pistons. This measure reduced the fit clearance between the piston and the working cylinder to 0.01 mm, which greatly improved the press's centering and completely solved the "scoring" issue, preventing subsequent synchronization problems or component scrapping.2. Rearward Shift of Piston Center of Gravity: To reduce the downward deflection of the six horizontal anvils when they advance, the design required the piston's center of gravity to be shifted backward to eliminate deflection caused by the weight of the piston in the horizontal direction.3. Use of Elastic Gap-Free Pin Connection: Elastic gap-free pin connections were used between the hinge beams. This novel pin design eliminates the clearance between the hinge beams, creating an interference fit, thereby significantly improving the equipment's centering, synchronization, and pressure-keeping performance. Eliminating clearance also helps enhance the coordination of the equipment's inherent deformation.
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The "digital" control system, composed of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), pressure sensors, and pressure gauges, primarily implements the following three functions on the HPHT Hydraulic Cubic Press apparatus:1、Realizing the logical control of electrical actions: This refers to controlling the sequence of actions of executive components (such as solenoid valves) in the electrical system, ensuring they are energized according to the press operation steps. Compared to traditional relay logical control, the PLC can realize the required functions in real-time by compiling a ladder diagram and is more flexible when needing to modify or add/delete the energization sequence of solenoid valves.2、Realizing pressure control and fault diagnosis: This includes the precise control of the hydraulic system and pressure parameters, as well as the rapid judgment of system anomalies. For example, the system can use the pressure gauge, a "digital" system, to adjust the throttle valve to obtain six-cylinder synchronous pressure. In terms of fault diagnosis, the system can retrieve operating statuses and abnormal phenomena via the touch screen (such as the state of the booster travel switch contacts or the phenomenon of taking too long to reach overpressure), thereby inferring the fault cause and locating the specific component.3、Realizing the execution and storage of process parameter curves: The digital system enables the press apparatus to operate according to preset process curves (such as the technology curve for synthesizing diamond with powder catalyst, shown in Figure 2). Operators can set various parameters via the touch screen, such as overpressure pressure, starting heating pressure, pause time, final pressure, and soaking time, and precisely correspond power or voltage to different time periods, thus transforming the original unknown and passive control method into an active control method. Simultaneously, the system can also store these process parameter curves.The PLC is the core technology that enables these functions. It possesses capabilities like logical operation, real-time counting, and sequential control, and also features A/D, D/A conversion, data operation, and data processing. These capabilities allow it to replace simple relay logical control systems that could only meet singular functional requirements.
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As the HPHT Hydraulic Cubic Press scales up, continuous improvements in its design and manufacturing process have resulted in significant structural advantages, particularly in the design and manufacturing of the main frame structure.1. Main Frame Structure Design and Optimization More Rational and Compact Structure: The design aims to reasonably reduce overall dimensions, which reduces equipment costs, makes the design more user-friendly, and ensures operability.Optimized Hinge Beam: The Finite Element Method (using software like ANSYs) is employed to optimize the hinge beam design, leading to a more rational force distribution and structure.Thin-Walled Work Cylinders: Thin-walled work cylinders are adopted to reduce the piston stroke while ensuring sufficient operating space.2. Fundamental Improvement in Work Cylinder Load-Bearing StructureIn traditional presses, the work cylinder was the main load-bearing component, leading to frequent "cylinder cracking". Modern designs have shifted the load-bearing mechanism from the original flange support to bottom support or double support.The core advantage of this modification is the transfer of the main load-bearing function from the work cylinder to the hinge beam. This change has successfully and completely solved the common problem of "cylinder cracking".A. "Double Support Structure" (Example: Guilin Metallurgical Machinery General Factory):1. Thin-Walled, Live-Bottom, Split-Type Work Cylinder: Reduces the work cylinder wall thickness from over 80mm to 30mm.2. Facilitates Scaling Up: Significantly reduces the overall dimensions of the main machine, which is favorable for large-scale development.3. Rational Force Distribution: The double-support structure allows the force to be rationally distributed between the bottom and the upper end face of the hinge beam.4. Improved Piston Durability: A wear-resistant band is designed on the piston to prevent scratching the work cylinder.B. "Bottom Support Structure" (Example: Designed by Lü Fengnong):1. Improved Overall Machine Concentricity: Achieves a gap-free fit between the work cylinder and the hinge beam, significantly improving the concentricity (centering accuracy) to within 0.1mm.2. Improved Stress Distribution: The specially shaped bottom of the work cylinder rationally improves the stress distribution of both the work cylinder and the hinge beam.3. Long-Term Stable Synchronicity: An anti-scratch ring is designed on the piston, ensuring that the synchronicity of the entire machine remains stable over the long term.
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